Our Liteni

Liteni, a village in Moara Commune, Suceava County in modern Romania has existed for 600 years. If you are related to our Cojocari family the village is a very important place to know.

More than one Liteni

Before you start searching maps on-line for the village of Liteni you need to know that there are four villages and towns in modern Romania with the name ‘Liteni’. They are as follows:

Our Liteni

The village of Liteni which figures prominantly in the heritage of our Cojocari family is the village named Liteni in Moara Commune, Suceava County, Romania.

Map Coordinates: 47°34′15″N 26°10′54″EAltitude: 303 m / 994 ft1
Historic Population:
1900 Census: 8352
1930 Census: 9023
2021 Census: 7354		Moara Commune Homepage
Wikipedia: Moara Commune
Villages in the Moara Commune:
Bulai, Frumoasa, Groapa Vlădichii, Liteni, Moara Carp, Moara Nica, Vornicenii Mari, Vornicenii Mici

History

Medieval Period (476-1450)

  • 1240’s: The good people of our village of Liteni (if it existed then) would have been aware of the invasion of nearby regions by the Mongol empire. The path that the Mongols travelled may have lead them from what is now Kiev in the Ukraine through to what is today the Romanian city of Bistrița. That path would have lead them near to the modern city of Suceava which is only 12 km northeast of our village means that our village would have been, at worst, affected or at best, aware.5
    • The portion of the Mongol Empire that our Liteni Romanians were nearest to was known as ‘The Golden Horde‘. The maps of The Golden Horde over time seem to show that to the east of our Liteni the border stopped at the Prut River which is approximately 50 km directly to the east where the border between today’s Romania and the modern country of Moldova is found. The Golden Horde also held the land in the south of what is now modern Romania along the Black Sea. It is safe to say that the Romanians in the region around our Liteni were very aware of Mongol rule over their fellow cultural Romanians to the east and south.6
    • Looking at maps of the ‘The Golden Horde‘ it seems that while the Mongol armies passed through the area of our village, they did not end up ruling the region for whatever reason.
    • The rule of The Golden Horde would last ~100 years in this region.

Village of Litincuți, Moldavia

  • 1300’s: Our Liteni (if it existed), possibly known as the village of Litencut (Romanian: Litincuți), would have been within the borders of a country named Moldavia (Romanian: Moldova)
  • 1343: We don’t know how the rule of the ‘The Golden Horde‘ over the previous ~100 years may have affected the people in the region of our village of Litencut they very much would have been aware when Voivode Dragoș of Maramureș , sent by the King of Hungary, defeated the Mongols of the Golden Horde and drove them across the Dniester river.
  • 1346-1353: Our viliage of Litincuți may have experienced ‘The Plague’ (AKA Black Death)
  • March 11, 1429: The village is first attested in documents under the name Litencut (Romanian: Litincuți) during the reign of Alexander the Good (Alexandru cel Bun).7
    • The name Litencut (Romanian: Litincuți) may have been a diminutive of the name “Liteni,” so that it could be distinguished from the larger settlement also named Liteni located ~26km to the east.

Village of Litincuți, Țara de Sus, Moldavia

Ottoman Empire (1532-1774)

Village of Litincuți, Principality of Moldavia, Ottoman Empire

  • 1532: Litencut (Romanian: Litincuți), being part of the country of Moldavia, changed their identity to be a vassal principality of the Ottoman Empire they then became known as the Principality of Moldavia.9
    • We can assume that the cultural Romanian people of Litincuți were devout Eastern Orthodox christians when Ottoman rule began. The Ottomans, while an Islamic empire, were tolerant of other religions. The practice of Eastern Orthodox christianity in Litincuți would have meant that the Ottomans would have approved local leaders to be of Eastern Orthodox faith and, because of their non-Islamic region, they would have been taxed at a higher rate than people of the Muslim faith. Non-Muslims were considered by the empire to be second-class citizens but they were not punished, merely ‘encouraged’ to adopt the Muslim faith.
  • 1710-1713: The men of Litincuți may have participated as members of the Moldavian army in the Russo-Ottoman War of 1710–1713. The Tsar’s army attacked the Ottoman-ruled Principality of Moldavia which was harboring enemies of Russia – The Ottomans in-turn declared war against Russia on November 20, 1710. Less than a year later the ruler of the Principality of Moldavia decided to switch sides and signed the Treaty of Lutsk on April 13, 1711 agreeing to support Russia in it’s battle against the Ottoman Empire! Claims of bribery would fly! The Ottoman Empire was able to reenforce their army and defeat the Russian and Moldavian armies three months later. The war drew to a close upon the drafting and signing of the Treaty of Pruth of July 21, 1711 and further reconfirmed with the signing of the Treaty of Adrianople two years later on June 24, 1713. The Moldavian elite responsible for betraying their allegiance to the Ottoman empire either fled to Russia or were tried and executed by the Ottomans.10,11,12
  • 1749: Before 1775, when Bukovina was the northwestern part of the Principality of Moldavia, the local form of serfdom (where serfs were known regionally as vecini) was already harsh. However, in 1749, the Moldavian ruler Constantine Mavrocordatos formally abolished hereditary serfdom, replacing it with a system of defined dues and obligations:13
    • Serf were taxed once per year the amount of 10 löwenthaler to their lord (Boyer). (Editor: Unsure if this tax was paid to the lord (Boyer) or directly to the State)
    • Serfs were given the right to move from the land of one lord (Boyer) to the land of another by paying a fee of 10 löwenthaler to the lord which was being exited. There was already a flow of serfs fleeing Moldavia for neighbouring Transylvania so this was a way of Moldavia generating revenue while admitting that they were unable to stop the migration. By allowing the Serfs to pay to leave rather than being required to petition their lord to be released this effectively meant the end of Serfdom.
    • Serfs were required to perform twelve days of mandatory uncompensated labour (Hungarian: robot, French: corvée) for their lord (Boyer) (Editor: Unsure if the 12 days was per month, year…) as a form of taxation
    • Each lord (Boyer) was allowed to retain a Retinue of serfs for their own personal use for which the lord was not required to pay tax for to the state (although the serfs held for this purpose would still have to pay their taxes to the lord)
    • Lords (Boyers) were forbidden from separating married Gypsies belonging to different lords
  • 1768-1774: Men of Litincuți may have participated in the Russo-Turkish War of 1768-1774 as members of the army of Principality of Moldavia fighting for the Ottoman Empire. Tsarist Russia has been working to destablize the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth for a while perhaps hoping to open the door to annexing it. Anti-Russian rebellions had begun to spread and Russia worried that the people of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth would endanger the pro-Russian stance they had been growing. Russian made the decision to send their troops in and round up the rebels. Some of the rebels fled across the border into the Ottoman Empire to the nearby city of Balta which at the time was in the Principality of Moldavia (today Balta is in Podilsk Raion, Odesa Oblast in south-western Ukraine). The Russian army followed on September 17, 1769 and as a result the Ottoman Empire declared war on Russia. The fighting was fierce and despite the Ottoman Empire fielding superior numbers of troops the better-trained and armed Russians defeated the Ottoman army on land and sunk the entire fleet of the Ottoman Navy. The Ottoman Empire was defeated and signed the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca on July 21, 1774 giving major concessions to Tsarist Russia. Historically, this war is thought to mark the decline of the Ottoman Empire and the beginning of the Russian rise as a super-power.14

Austrian/Habsburg Period

Village of Liteny, Military District, Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, Holy Roman Empire

  • 1775: Following the end of the Russo-Turkish War of 1768-1774 the Habsburg Monarchy annexed land from Principality of Moldavia and the Ottoman Empire which they named “Military District” (German: Militärbezirk) under direct military governance within The Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria (German: Königreich Galizien und Lodomerien). The people of our little village of Litincuți (German: Liteny15) would have wondered what changes this would bring after more than two hundred and forty years of Ottoman Rule.16,17,18
    • When the Austrians took control in 1775, they inherited a population of peasants whose obligations to the landlords (serfdom) were significant and widespread:
      • the peasants would have benefited by the July 1770 decree of the Holy Roman Empress Maria Theresa in July 1770 that peasants shall be granted the ability to appeal to imperial courts for justice rather than previously being required to appeal only to the courts of their own lord.19
      • peasants may have benefitted from the Patent of 1772 issued by the Holy Roman Empress Maria Theresa which limited the mandatory uncompensated labour (Hungarian: robot, French: corvée) which lords could require of their serfs to a maximum of three twelve-hour days per week as a form of taxation.20
      • peasants may have benefitted from the October 1773 decree by the Holy Roman Empress Maria Theresa which capped the price of ‘letters of release’ by which serfs could buy their freedom from their lord.21
  • 1775: The people of our village of Liteny were likely openly practicing their Eastern Orthodox christian religion under the Ottoman rule. Once their land was annexed and under the rule of the Habsburg Monarchy, a Catholic kingdom ruled by the Holy Roman Empire, the practice of their Orthodox faith would have been problematic. All citizens would have been required to abandon their faith and adopt Catholicism instead. We can assume that this did not happen and caused friction in the newly annexed region. It would be a few years until the Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II would change it’s position in 1781 when he issued the Patent of Toleration. Until then, perhaps the practice of the Orthodox faith was driven underground for a period or a blind-eye was turned by the Catholic rulers. Do you know?
  • 1775: Even though the village of Liteny and the region annexed by the Habsburg Monarchy were no longer under the rule of the Ottoman Empire it is important to keep in mind that the Ottoman empire would continue to exist for more than one hundred more years. The Ottomans would continue their rule of the remaining unannexed land of the Principality of Moldavia as well as it’s other lands populated by cultural Romanians.
  • 1781: Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II issued Edicts in May and October 1781 (Patent of Toleration) which removed restrictions against the practice of Protestant and Orthodox Christian religion in communities with large Protestant or Orthodox minorities, churches were allowed to be built, and social restrictions on vocations, economic activity, and education were removed.22,23
  • 1781: The Josephinian Reforms implemented by Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II, Nov. 1, 1781 introduced significant changes for the rights of serfs. The Serfdom Patent decreed by Emperor Joseph II did not abolish feudal obligations entirely, but nevertheless enacted a massive change in the peasant’s legal status (although they were unevenly applied due to dissent within the ruling classes)24,25:
    • Peasants were no longer considered “chattels” (slaves) of the landlord but were recognized as subjects of the state, with certain personal freedoms. Beatings, such as having the bottoms of the feet whipped, were abolished as a punishment. Read more in Romanian Peasants.
    • Peasants gained the right to purchase hereditary ownership of the land that they worked. Read more in Romanian Peasants.
    • Peasants gained the right to marry, move, choose an occupation, and send their children to school without the lord’s explicit permission. Read more in Romanian Peasants.

Village of Liteny, Bukovina District, Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, Holy Roman Empire

Village of Liteny, Bukovina District, Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, Austrian Empire, Holy Roman Empire

Village of Liteny, Bukovina District, Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, Austrian Empire

  • Aug 6, 1806: The people of Liteni had been citizens of the Holy Roman Empire for thirty one years since rule of their region by the Habsburg Monarchy began in 1775. They heard that The Holy Roman Empire had fallen which might have been received as good news given that they were traditionally of the Eastern Orthodox christian religion and not Catholic. The Holy Roman Empire (1438-1806) ended after about three hundred and sixty eight years with the abdication of Holy Roman Emperor Francis II (Emperor Francis I of Austria). The rulers of the House of Habsburg almost continuously reigned as Holy Roman Emperors.
  • 1848: Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire. The revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire took place from March 1848 to November 1849.
  • Jul 1, 1848: Following the unrest and revolutions in the Austrian Empire earlier in the year, Serfdom was abolished in Bukovina.
    • The most defining characteristic of the peasantry’s serfdom prior to this period was the robot / corvée (compulsory labor service). Peasants were obligated to perform a specified number of days of unpaid labor per year on the lord’s demesne (known as Filvarok land). This was typically three to four days per week for a family with a pair of draft animals.
    • As serfs, Peasants also had to provide various other payments, or dues, in money or in kind, to the landlord for their plots of land (rustical land).
    • Although the Patent limited the lord’s power over serfs, the noble landowners often circumvented the law and continued to exercise considerable administrative and sometimes judicial authority over the peasants.
    • Throughout the early 19th century, the gentry often increased the demands for robot / corvée (compulsory labor service) and other exploitation, especially since Bukovina was administratively joined to the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria (known for its intense exploitation of the peasantry).

Village of Liteny, Duchy of Bukovina, Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, Austrian Empire

Village of Liteny, Duchy of Bukovina, Austrian Empire

  • 1866: Prince Carol I of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, ‘The Foreign Prince’ was installed as ruler by the Habsburg Monarchy to stabilize the country. His reign would last until 1914. Carol I was pro-German in his foreign policy but dedicated to modernizing the state structure.

Village of Liteny, Duchy of Bukovina, Cisleithania, Austria-Hungary

  • 1867: The people of our village of Liteny were told that following the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 their Duchy of Bukovina within the Austrian Empire had been changed! They now lived in the Duchy of Bukovina now termed a ‘Cisleithanian‘ land within Austria-Hungary! They were still under Austrian rule.29,30
    • The largest minority group in Austria-Hungary, the Magyars (Hungarians), were constantly demanding more independence. They had led a massive, bloody revolution in 1848–1849 that Austria crushed, but their desire for self-rule never went away. The Emperor, Franz Joseph I, realized the Empire was too weak to survive if he didn’t make a major concession to the Hungarians. The Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 was a deal where Austria gave Hungary almost everything it wanted to keep the rest of the Empire from falling apart, resulting in two separate states sharing a single monarch and a single foreign/military policy.
    • ‘Cisleithania’ refers to lands west of the Leitha River and thus under direct Austrian rule
    • ‘Transleithania’ referred to lands of the Hungarian Crown
    • Equal Partners: Hungary was given almost complete internal sovereignty. It was no longer just a province; it became a co-equal state with its own capital (Budapest), its own Parliament, its own Prime Minister, and its own laws.
    • The Single Ruler: Emperor Franz Joseph I was now crowned as Emperor of Austria and Apostolic King of Hungary. He was the single thread connecting the two halves.
    • Shared Ministries (The “Glue”): Only three major areas were kept union-wide and managed by shared ministers appointed by the Emperor/King:
      • Foreign Affairs (Diplomacy)
      • War/Military (The Army and Navy)
      • Finance (to pay for the first two)
    • This compromise solved the conflict with the powerful Hungarians, but it created an entirely new problem: The German-Austrians and the Hungarians were now the dominant groups. However, the Empire was filled with over a dozen other ethnic groups—like the Romanians (like the people in the area of Liteni), Czechs, Slavs, Poles, Croats, etc.—who saw the deal as being made over their heads. They felt they were still treated as second-class citizens, which fueled intense nationalism and political conflict right up until the collapse of the Empire in 1918.
  • 1869: The people of our village of Liteny were likely captured in the 1869 Census of Bukovina
  • 1876: The people of our village of Liteny were well aware of the unrest fomenting in nearby regions. The Ottomans brutally suppressed uprisings in Bulgaria (the “April Uprising”) and Herzegovina. Reports of these atrocities outraged Europe and gave Russia the moral pretext, an excuse perhaps, to declare war against the Ottoman Empire and capture more land.
    • Russia viewed itself as the protector of fellow Slavic and Orthodox Christian peoples living under Ottoman rule.
    • The Ottoman Empire was at the time in severe decline, struggling to maintain control over its diverse territories.
  • 1880: The people of our village of Liteny were likely captured in the 1880 Census of Bukovina
  • 1881: Country officially declared itself the Kingdom of Romania, and Carol I was crowned its first king.
  • 1883: Pre-War Alliance: Driven by a fear of Russia, Romania entered secretly into a Triple Alliance with Germany and Austria-Hungary.
  • 1890: The people of our village of Liteny were likely captured in the 1890 Census of Bukovina
  • 1900: The people of our village of Liteni were captured in the 1900 Census of Bukovina.
    • Liteni was a predominantly Romanian and Greek Orthodox village of 835 people living in around 200 households. While the population was largely homogenous (Romanian and Greek Orthodox), the village included small communities of German and Ukrainian speakers, as well as Roman Catholic and Jewish residents. It was an agricultural society centered on 1,154 hectares of mostly open fields where villagers tended to significant numbers of livestock, particularly sheep and pigs. Despite its rural character, Liteny was a structured community with its own elementary school, post office, financial district management, and a small police force of three men.
Details from 1900 Census
  • Population: 835
  • Number of houses: 200
  • Land area occupied by the village: 489 hectares
  • Religion: Greek Orthodox 93%, Roman Catholic 3%, Jewish 3%, Other 2%
  • Languages spoken: Romanian 91%, German 7%, Ukrainian 2%, Other 1%
  • Government Institutions:
    • Financial Control District Management
    • Elementary school
    • Police
      • 3 Policemen
    • Post office
  • Community Institutions:
    • Greek Orthodox Church
  • Livestock:
    • Sheep: 420
    • Pigs: 354
    • Cows: 274
    • Horses: 46
  • Liteni Commune:
    • Land area occupied by the commune: 1154 hectares
      • Fields 84%, Meadows 12%, Mountain pasture 1%, Other 3%
  • Government Structure
    • BH. Bezirkshauptmannschaft (English: District Authority or District Commission): Suczawa
    • GB. Gerichtsbezirk (English: Judicial District): Suczawa
    • Steuerbezirk (English: Tax district): Liteny
    • Ortsgemeinde (English: Local Municipality): Liteni
    • Katastralgemeinde (English: Cadastral community or Commune): Liteni
    • Gutsgebiet (English: Manorial Estate): Liteny
    • Ortschaft (English: Village/Town): Liteni (Village)
  • 1907: The Peasant Revolt of 1907: The vast majority of the population were peasants who lived in deep poverty and worked the large estates of the landowners. Grievances over land tenure and social conditions exploded in 1907 into a massive, violent peasant revolt. The army ruthlessly suppressed the revolt, resulting in thousands of deaths.
    • The Aftermath: This event was a turning point. It exposed the deep flaws in the political system and led to a consensus among the elite that major land and suffrage reforms were necessary to prevent future upheaval.
  • 1914: When World War I began, King Carol I (who was pro-German) died. His successor, King Ferdinand I (1914–1927), shifted policy. Romania declared initial neutrality because the alliance treaty was defensive, and joining the Central Powers would mean fighting fellow Romanians in Transylvania.
  • 1916: King Ferdinand, adopting a Francophile (pro-French) course, ultimately prioritized the goal of unification.
  • Aug 1916: Romania joined the Entente (Allies) in August 1916 and launched an offensive against Transylvania.
  • 1918: The Result of the War: The Central Powers quickly occupied most of Romania. Despite a devastating military defeat and a temporary surrender in 1918, Romania re-entered the war just before the armistice.
  • Nov 1918: The subsequent collapse of the Austro-Hungarian and Russian Empires allowed Romania to achieve its goal: The Great Union of 1918, which doubled the country’s size. After the Union of Bukovina with Romania, Liteni becomes part of the Kingdom of Romania.

Kingdom of Romania (1918–1947)

Village of Litincuți, Kingdom of Romania

Village of Litincuți, Județul Suceava, Plasa Bosanci, Kingdom of Romania

  • 1925–1950: Administratively, it is part of Județul Suceava (Suceava County).
    • During the interwar period, Liteni was likely part of the Plasa Bosanci (Bosanci District) or functioned as a small rural commune.

Communist Period (1947–1989)

Village of Liteni, Comuna Liteni, Raionul Suceava, Regiunea Suceava, Romania

  • 1950: A major administrative reform abolishes the old counties (județe) and replaces them with Soviet-style regions (regiuni) and districts (raioane).
    • Liteni becomes part of Raionul Suceava within Regiunea Suceava.
    • Crucial Change: Around this time, a distinct rural Comuna Liteni (separate from the town) is established. It included the villages of Liteni, Vornicenii Mari, and Vornicenii Mici.

Village of Liteni, Comuna Moara, Județul Suceava, Romania

  • 1968: Romania returns to the county (județ) system under Nicolae Ceaușescu.
    • Dissolution of Comuna Liteni: The rural Comuna Liteni is abolished.
    • Merger: Its component villages (Liteni, Vornicenii Mari, and Vornicenii Mici) are merged into the Commune of Moara.
    • Note: The “old” Moara commune previously consisted only of Moara Nica, Moara Carp, Bulai, Frumoasa, and Groapa Vlădichii.

Modern Period (1989–Present)

  • Present: Liteni remains a village within Moara Commune, Suceava County.
    • It is currently governed by the local council and mayor of Moara.

References:

  1. Altitude, Wikipedia, https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liteni_(Moara),_Suceava, Viewed Dec 15, 2025 ↩︎
  2. GEMEINDELEXIKON DER IM REICHSRATE VERTRETENEN KÖNIGREICHE UND LÄNDER BEARBEITET AUF GRUND DER ERGEBNISSE DER VOLKSZÄHLUNG VOM 31. DEZEMBER 1900.
    HERAUSGEGEBEN VON DER K. K. STATISTISCHEN ZENTRALKOMMISSION XIII. Bukowina (English: Municipal Lexicon of the Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council.
    Compiled on the basis of the results of the census of December 31, 1900. Published by the Imperial and Royal Central Statistical Commission XIII. Bukovina    ), https://czernowitz.ehpes.com/census/censusbuk1900.pdf, Viewed Jan 2, 2026
    PDF Page 93, Census page 78, Ortsgemeinden, Gutsgebiete, Ortschaften (English: Local communities, estates, villages), Anwesende Bevölkerung (English: Present population)
    Zusammen (English: Together) ↩︎
  3. Liteni (Moara), Suceava, Wikipedia, https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liteni_(Moara),_Suceava, Viewed Jan 2, 2026 ↩︎
  4. Liteni (Moara), Suceava, Wikipedia, https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liteni_(Moara),_Suceava, Viewed Jan 2, 2026 ↩︎
  5. Mongol Invasion of Europe, Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe, Viewed Dec 27, 2025 ↩︎
  6. Golden Horde, Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Horde, Viewed Dec 29, 2025 ↩︎
  7. Official website of the Moara Commune, https://www.comunamoara.ro/, Viewed Jan 2, 2026 ↩︎
  8. Țara de Sus, Wikipedia, https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%9Aara_de_Sus, Viewed Dec 27, 2025 ↩︎
  9. Ottoman Empire, Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire, Viewed Dec 15, 2025 ↩︎
  10. Russo-Turkish War (1710–1713), Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1710%E2%80%931713), Viewed Dec 15, 2025 ↩︎
  11. Treaty of the Pruth, Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_the_Pruth, Viewed Dec 15, 2025 ↩︎
  12. Treaty of Adrianople, Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Adrianople_(1713), Viewed Dec 15, 2025 ↩︎
  13. Constantine Mavrocordatos, Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_Mavrocordatos, Viewed Dec 29, 2025 ↩︎
  14. Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774, Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1768%E2%80%931774), Viewed Dec 15, 2025 ↩︎
  15. Liteni (Moara), Suceava, Wikipedia, https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liteni_(Moara),_Suceava, Viewed Dec 15, 2025 ↩︎
  16. Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca, Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCk_Kaynarca, Viewed Dec 15, 2025 ↩︎
  17. Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774), Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1768%E2%80%931774), Viewed Dec 15, 2025 ↩︎
  18. Duchy of Bukovina, Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Bukovina, Viewed Dec 15, 2025 ↩︎
  19. Serfdom Patent (1781), Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serfdom_Patent_(1781), Viewed Dec 27, 2025 ↩︎
  20. Serfdom Patent (1781), Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serfdom_Patent_(1781), Viewed Dec 27, 2025 ↩︎
  21. Serfdom Patent (1781), Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serfdom_Patent_(1781), Viewed Dec 27, 2025 ↩︎
  22. Josephinism, Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephinism, Viewed Dec 27, 2025 ↩︎
  23. Patent of Toleration, Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent_of_Toleration, Viewed Dec 27, 2025 ↩︎
  24. Josephinism, Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephinism, Viewed Dec 27, 2025 ↩︎
  25. Serfdom Patent (1781), Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serfdom_Patent_(1781), Viewed Dec 27, 2025 ↩︎
  26. Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia_and_Lodomeria, Viewed Dec 15, 2025 ↩︎
  27. Habsburg monarchy, Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy, Viewed Dec 15, 2025 ↩︎
  28. Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia_and_Lodomeria, Viewed Dec 15, 2025 ↩︎
  29. Cisleithania, Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisleithania, Viewed Dec 15, 2025 ↩︎
  30. Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Compromise_of_1867, Viewed Dec 15, 2025 ↩︎

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